Calculation of the path loss is usually called prediction. Exact prediction is possible only for simpler cases, such as the free space propagation or the flatearth model, which is called deterministic methods. They based on the physical laws of wave propagation are also used ray tracing is one such method. These methods are expected to produce more accurate and reliable predictions of the path loss than the empirical methods however, they are significantly more expensive in computational effort and depend on the detailed and accurate description of all objects in the propagation space, such as buildings, roofs, windows, doors, and walls.

City RF Propagation Models.pdf

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