Introduction - If you have any usage issues, please Google them yourself
Due to severe attenuation, the transmission distance of electromagnetic waves is
significantly limited in water. Hence, underwater acoustic communication has become the domi-
nant approach for achieving wireless communication in the ocean. Underwater acoustic communi-
cation is very important for both military and civilian usage, and with the speeding up of marine de-
velopment, has seen an ever increasing demand. An overview of the challenges in underwater
acoustic communications is presented in this paper. We introduce some basic concepts, emphasiz-
ing the properties of underwater acoustic channels and current challenges. Then, several typical
techniques are presented. To conclude, some future developments are described.