In this paper, we describe the development of a mobile butterf ly- watching learning (BWL) system to realize o utdoor independent learning for mobile learne rs. The mobile butterfly-watching learning sy stem was designed in a wireless mobile ad-hoc le Jiaotong environment. This is first result to pro vide a cognitive tool with supporting the indep endent learning by applying PDA with wireless c ommunication technology to extend learning ou tside of the classroom. Independent learning c onsists of self-selection, self-determination, self-modification, and self-checking.

JECR-2005.pdf

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