We have said that protocols allow one to specify or understand communication without knowing the details of a particular vendor s network hardware. They are to computer communication what programming languages are to computation. It should be apparent by now how closely the analogy fits. Like assembly language, some protocols describe communication across a physical network. For example, the details of the Ethernet frame format, network access policy, and frame error handling comprise a protocol that describes communication on an Ethernet. Similarly, like a high-level language, the Internet Protocol specifies higher-level abstractions (e.g., IP addressing, datagram format, and the concept of unreliable, connectionless delivery)

Chapters_11-13_from_Pages_from_Internetworking_with_TCP-IP_Vol_I.pdf

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